ABSTRACT
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS - CoV2), the causative viral pathogen of the COVID-19 pandemic belongs to the family of Coronaviruses which are positive single stranded RNA viruses. The scientific fraternity has developed and developing various types of vaccines for prevention against COVID-19, such as inactivated virus vaccines, mRNA vaccines, replicating vector protein subunit vaccines, etc., Out of which ten vaccines namely Novovax, Covovax (protein subunit vaccines), Pfizer BNT16b2, Moderna mRNA 1273 (mRNA vaccines), Johnson & Johnson Ad26, Cov2.S, Astrazeneca AZD1222, Covishield (non-replicating viral vector vaccines), Covaxin, Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV, CoronoVac (inactivated vaccines) have been approved for clinical use by WHO. There is an urgent need for SARS-CoV2 specific therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 as there is the emergence of various variants such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Omicron, etc. The emergence of variants that possesses immune evading property and spike protein mutation have increased infectivity and more pathogenicity which impelled the need to develop various therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19. This review compiles the information about potential antiviral candidates in preclinical trials intended for the treatment of COVID-19. The clinical development of such antivirals will be very crucial for the treatment of COVID-19 and also to curb the spread as the present scenario depends on the development of effective prophylactic vaccines.
ABSTRACT
COVID 19 Pandemic is caused by the viral pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Scientific fraternity worldwide swiftly developed various types of vaccines for the prevention and as mitigation measures for curbing the pandemic. Traditional inactivated vaccines, mRNA vaccines (protein subunits such as spike proteins), and viral vector vaccines (non-replicating vectors with protein subunits) have been approved by World Health Organisation (WHO) for emergency use. The emergence of many mutated variants has been a worrying factor in the fight against the pandemic. There has been continuous research in the quest for more therapeutics, especially vaccines to curb and stop the pandemic. According to WHO, there are 194 vaccines in pre-clinical trials belonging to various types out of which sixteen is DNA vaccines. In this review, we have discussed the advantages and disadvantages of the DNA vaccines for Covid-19. This article tried to explore the available information on DNA vaccines and their current status against Covid – 19 which are in pre-clinical trials. © 2022, Editorial board of Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Vaccine development against SARS‐CoV‐2 have reached to a centre stage across globe attributed to the Covid 19 pandemic. As treatment options for Covid-19 are yet to be explored, so the onus is on vaccines to stimulate humoral and cellular immunity in fight against present pandemic. In vaccinology the prior research against similar coronaviruses such as SARS and MERS have enabled the rapid development of COVID‐19 vaccine. Smallpox eradication and diseases like polio, mumps and measles have been checked using vaccines. Keeping in view of the current situation Scientific world has responded remarkably with development and acceleration of various vaccine candidates. Present review highlights the vaccines that are under clinical evaluation stage as per the WHO report of August 2020.